The+Civil+War

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//**Skim through all thirteen quickly and find similarities and differences between the states and list those differences in your virtual notebook.**// SIMILARITIES - all the seccession acts of the states includes the word ordain - some have more sections than others - each state goes by the Constitution

DIFFERENCES - although each state follows the Constitution, they have have a different set of rules - each state have similar believes but they have different ways to word it and have different ideas

//**Then choose 2 of these Secession Acts and complete the following APPARTS chart on each.**// Secession Act 1 - South Carolina Author - People of South Carolina Place - Charleston Prior knowledge - South Carolina was a slave state, in the south Audience - All the other states and the citizens in South Carolina Reason - To be able to continue slavery The Main Idea - The people in the state decides to withdraw from the US in order to continue with slaves Significance - South Carolina wants to secede from the US in order to perpetuate slavery (continue on with it).

Secession Act 2 - Florida A - People together in the convention of Florida P - January 10th 1861, done in Florida P - Florida is in the south, so it was probably a slave state A - Anyone in the country that had anything to do with Florida R - Florida wanted to become an independent state, not have anything to do with the independent states T - Florida didn't want to have the same government as the other states and wanted to become an independent state, with their own set of rules and government. S - To become an independent state

//**Reflection:**// Does the reasoning behind each of these Acts make sense to you? Why or why not? Would you sign on to these Secession Acts if you lived in the state it represents? - The reasoning behind these Acts does make sense to me because the authors created these acts to protect what they believe in for their state. I would sign the Secession Acts if I lived in the state it represents because as long as the act benefits me, then it's all good. But it also depends on whether I'm a slave or not because if I was a slave, I wouldn't sign the acts. I would never want to continue being a slave no matter what because there wouldn't be anything else I would strive for but freedom.

//**Next, click on the second link and scroll down to the timeline. Click on the year 1861.**// []

//**Using the information on that page you will be creating a visual timeline. You should use images from the Library of Congress site to illustrate it. You can use any of the following to create your visual timeline as well as any other presentation tool you would like to use as found at:**//

http://cooltoolsforschools.wikispaces.com/Presentation+Tools

Glogster.com Prezi.com Microsoft Powerpoint slide.com - with college level captions!

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Opening Activity on the Civil War: Examine the photo and complete a thorough I see / It means in your virtual notebook.

BE CAREFUL!!! There are very subtle things to look at in this picture which you may at first glance miss. If, after completing your I see / It means, you think you know what this is a picture of, tell Mr. Hurley and get a 5 on this assignment. However you must explain in writing what you see that leads you to believe what this photo is illustrating in a complete I see / It means

- two men in a uniform smoking - the arm of man on left is holding a cigarette that is in the other man's mouth and vice versa - an old photo - frame - man on left wears a long sleeve shirt that doesnt have strips but the other man does - the men's expression (looking/staring at something)
 * I See:**

- the two men are soldiers - they are on a break, maybe companions - taken place a long time ago - photo is treasured - the two men are from different armies but are allies - they are probably surprised at something
 * It Means:**

- young boy soldiers - they look depressed - each have a different uniform - two of them are in some sort of frame - the other two are just standing there - first soldier looks like he's about 9 - second soldier looks like he's about 11 - third soldier looks like he's about 13 - last soldier looks like he's about 17 - maybe they were each forced to serve in the army, maybe all boys were expected to do so
 * List of things I see in the images:**

Read the following mini-bio of Robert E. Lee: In early 1861, President [|Abraham Lincoln] invited Lee to take command of the entire Union Army. Lee declined because his home state of Virginia was, despite his wishes, seceding from the Union. When Virginia declared its secession from the [|Union] in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state.[|[][|1][[[]|]]] Lee's eventual role in the newly established Confederacy was to serve as a senior military adviser to [|President] [|Jefferson Davis]. //**Task**// //Pretend that Massachusetts has seceded for reasons which you disagree (the right of states to determine whether or not to allow slavery). You are asked by the President to uphold the Constitution by commanding the US Army which will re-take Massachusetts by force. Do you accept this job from the President or do you resign and return to Massachusetts to defend it against the US Army? Why?//
 * Robert Edward Lee** (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate [|Army of Northern Virginia] in the [|American Civil War]. The son of U.S. Revolutionary War hero, [|Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee III], and a top graduate of [|West Point], Robert E. Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and [|combat engineer] in the [|United States Army] for 32 years before resigning to join the Confederate cause. By the end of the American Civil War, he was commanding general of the [|Confederate army]. He became a postwar icon of the South's "[|lost cause]," and is still admired to this day.

I would not accept this job from the President because even though I live in Massachusetts, I don't want to support a belief that I am going against. Even though it's just for the state I would not want to support the state just because I live in it. I want to join the army and be the commander only if I want to fight for seccession, but that's not the case. Although the President offered such an opportunity, I want to fight for what I believe in, and that is within the Union going agaisnt slavery.

//**Reflection**: Is there anyway to avoid taking a side if you live in the United States during the Civil War? Explain your reasoning.// I don't think there is because if you don't take a side, either the Union or the Confederate States will force that state to pick their side through invasion and violence. It would be hard to not take a stand because everyone around that state would be fighting leaving them to face one of the sides.

Copy this into your virtual notebook - as we study the Civil War you should refer back to these themes and mark down examples where these conflicts are illustrated and how the people living these conflicts responded. =‍Civil War Themes=

‍4) Fellow Americans or Traitors ... or both?
//Strategies for WAR// //Go through your notes on 11, Section 1.// In your virtual notebook make a chart which summarizes the Northern strategy for war, and the Southern Strategies for war. This chart can be in any form you like however it should summarize both strategies and should also explain which you think will be more effective and why you think that (be warned, it might be different than your first impression!)
 * //USING YOUR NOTES!!!//**

- //Anaconda Plan//: plan devised by general Winfield Scott to seal the south off from the rest of the world - navy blocks south's parts to prevent Confederacy from importing manufactured goods and exports from the south - gunboats cut Confederacy in two (move down Mississippi River) -> I think this strategy will be more effective because forming a blockade could cause a huge downfall in trade for the Confederate States. It could starve their people to death, disrupt their businesses, and lead slaves to rebel against them. This plan slowly 'suffocates' or tortures their enemy as well as being very effective.
 * Northern Strategy:**

- //Cotton Diplomacy//: south's use of cotton as a tool of foreign policy - Confederates stopped shipping cotton to Britain and France because they fail to notice the south as an independent nation - This would cause both nations to come to the Confederacy's aid to restore the cotton trade (expected strong British navy to break through Union blockade of southern ports) - Memphis Argus told planters to embargo (totally restrict) export of cotton to markets overseas
 * Southern Strategy:**

//Technology and War//
 * Using the notes you created for section 2 of Chapter 11 - make a list of all the new weapons / technology utilized by troops during the Civil War and explain:**

- bullet-shaped ammunition - rifles (NOT new) - shrapnel - canister - gatling guns - wire entanglements - flamethrowers - gash shells (stink bombs) - telegraph - artillery

- The new technology made it easier to kill people. Range and accuracy increased which are both vital components that leads to victory in a war and the new devices positively affected those components.
 * 1) What purpose the new technology served**

- It made long-range fighting common because guns were more efficient and easier to use. Railroad and telegraphs also changed how generals made battlefield decisions. Before the inventions, the army would have to stick with one plan and go through with it no matter what but now it was possible to have varying plans right on the battlefield. Not only that but at sea, the battle of the ironclad ships also changed warfare.
 * 2) How it changed the way war was fought**

- These weapons made the battles more dangerous and easier for the side that has access to them. However, it was extremely more difficult for the opposing side to go against new efficient devices using old ones.
 * 3) The importance of this weapon to the overall picture of the Civil War**

- No because although the technology is new, experienced soldiers are capable enough to counteract the attacks using old weapons with tactics of their own. Also, they are capable enough of dodging at least a few attacks released from the new devices. Better technology just means it is new, it doesn't mean that it won't break. If a beginner were to have to use new technology during battle, they would have a hard time controlling the device when experienced soldiers already know what they're doing. What a general needs are experiences soldiers, not just new weapons that people might not even know how to use.
 * Can new, better technology take the place of experienced quality soldiers? Why or why not?**


 * Complete the following chart for all of the major battles of the early part of the Civil War.**


 * Be sure to identify the victor (if there was one!) and to explain the importance of each battle to the grand scheme of the civil war.**

//Major Battles of the Civil War 1861-1863//


 * Comments, Questions, Connections, Inferences, predictions || Battle/Date || Victor || Significance of Battle ||
 * Why is the battle named the first battle of Bull Run? Is it because that was when Beauregard told the line of foot soldiers to charge which caused the Union to turn into a stampede and that lead to the idea? || 1st Bull Run || Confederates || It was an indication that this would be a long and bloody war. It was the first major land battle of the Civil War. ||
 * I think the Union will win the Civil War even though they don’t seem to be doing so good right now because this battle gave them an opportunity to control the Mississippi River. I’m sure they’ll win if they battle it out right from this point on because this is a good chance to be the Confederates as they achieve their ‘western goal’. || Shiloh || No one (Lincoln said Union won) || It moved the Union closer to its "western goal" of gaining control of the Mississippi River and made people realize it would be a long bloody war. ||
 * I think McClellan is annoying during this battle because he kept doing nothing when Lincoln gave him explicit orders. When you’re the commander of an army, you don’t just stand there and do nothing. You have to take action against the other side when your president tells you to do so. || 2nd Bull Run || Confederates || It was a very important victory for the South. In fact, it was the most decisive battle in the Northern Virginia campaign for the Confederates. ||
 * I think Lincoln shouldn’t have used the battle as a Union victory because people could be very upset or lose trust in him if he lied to the country about who won to drive the Emancipation Proclamation forward. || Antietam || Union || Lincoln used the battle as a Union victory, although it was an overall tie, to put in motion the Emancipation Proclamation. ||
 * I think Ambrose Burnside shouldn’t have charged into Lee’s army like that because it was the main reason why it costs the Union this battle. By doing so, he was falling into Lee’s trap. I think he should’ve at least waited a bit because something else might’ve happened and he wouldn’t have lost all his soldiers that easily. || Fredricksburg || Confederates || It ended the campaign against the Confederate Capitol of Richmond. ||

__**Do Now - 6/7/11**__ //UNION STRATEGY// - offense - Anaconda Plan - to form a block the ports (blockade) to cut off their trade with Britain using cotton -> I think this is more effective because it makes it harder for the Confederacy to form a plan to break through the blockade. Also, by doing them off from the rest of the world, slaves could rebel, people would starve to death, and businesses would be ruined. They won't be able to get guns or ammunitions or food if trade was gone. //CONFEDERACY STRATEGY// - defense - Cotton Diplomacy - to stop exporting cotton to Britain and France, expected Britain to break through blockade to get to where they are
 * 1. What was the strategy for the Union and Confederacy? Which do you think is more effective? Why?**

__Gatling guns__ - can kill a bunch of people when the soldiers are in one single line, has a lot of ammo - kills first line of defense, people behind first line of soldiers can save ammo for the real enemy __Rifles__ - NOT new but useful __Telegraph__ __Shrapnel__ __Trains__ __Ironclads -__ not common because it's covered with iron but it attracts heat, burns people in the boat __Bullet (Minie Balls)__ - pointy at the end, goes straighter, made of soft lead (does a lot of damage)
 * 2. Make a list of reasons supporting and opposing the use of new technology during the Civil War.**

//SUPPORTING// - increase range and accuracy during battle - general can change plans and communicate right on the battlefield during the war - easier to kill opposing side //OPPOSING// - more stuff to carry to battlefield - kids are dealing with it, more dangerous for them

- The //Union// because their army was better overall. They had better skills and generals and technology than the Confederacy. - //Confederates// are winning - more experienced, better strategies, lack of trained enemy, on their home turf, defensive war (got idea from George Washington) **- Anaconda Plan - TAKES FOREVER (BAD IDEA)** Confederacy is defending but won many battles owning the Union army because the union army had no experience with fighting because all the colonels came from the south. Robert Lee is the second class at West Point. Stonewall Jackson is first class at West Point.
 * 3. According to what you've learned, who do you think was winning the Civil War by 1863? Why do you think that?**
 * -> Union has to force the Confederates to rejoin **
 * -> Confederates are just defending themselves because Unions are trying to invade them **
 * -> Confederates needed shoes, had to invade the north (located at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania) TURNING POINT OF CIVIL WAR BECAUSE IT WAS ON THE UNIONS TURF AND THE CONFEDERATES AREN'T DEFENDING THEMSELVES ANYMORE **
 * -> 1863 - Lincoln wins war by keeping the shoes away from the Confederates to provoke them even more = Emancipation Proclamation **

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I agree with my position (which is going against the Emancipation Proclamation) because illiteracy limited the slaves' jobs back to what they only knew what to do such as farm cotton, work in the fields, etc. Racism escalated especially in the South, they had to build houses and provide for themselves ( 40 acres and a mule concept). Land ownership issues, citizenship issues, and lots of other issues arose ever since the Emancipation Proclamation was passed.

The Battle of Gettysburg:

// (Refer to [|Map 2] as you read the description of the battle.) // Units of the Union and the Confederate armies met near Gettysburg on June 30, 1863, and each quickly requested reinforcements. The main battle opened on July 1, with early morning attacks by the Confederates on Union troops on McPherson Ridge, west of the town. Though outnumbered, the Union forces held their position. The fighting escalated throughout the day as more soldiers from each army reached the battle area. By 4 p.m., the Union troops were overpowered, and they retreated through the town, where many were quickly captured. The remnants of the Union force fell back to Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, south of town. The Southerners failed to pursue their advantage, however, and the Northerners labored long into the night regrouping their men. Throughout the night, both armies moved their men to Gettysburg and took up positions in preparation for the next day. By the morning of July 2, the main strength of both armies had arrived on the field. Battle lines were drawn up in sweeping arcs similar to a "J," or fishhook shape. The main portions of both armies were nearly a mile apart on parallel ridges: Union forces on Cemetery Ridge, Confederate forces on Seminary Ridge, to the west. General Robert E. Lee, commanding the Confederate troops, ordered attacks against the Union left and right flanks (ends of the lines). Starting in late afternoon, Confederate General James Longstreet's attacks on the Union left made progress, but they were checked by Union reinforcements brought to the fighting from the Culp's Hill area and other uncontested parts of the Union battle line. To the north, at the bend and barb of the fishhook (the other flank), Confederate General Richard Ewell launched his attack in the evening as the fighting at the other end of the fishhook was subsiding. Ewell's men seized part of Culp's Hill, but elsewhere they were repulsed. The day's results were indecisive for both armies. In the very early morning of July 3, the Union army forced out the Confederates who had successfully taken Culp's Hill the previous evening. Then General Lee, having attacked the ends of the Union line the previous day, decided to assail the Union. The attack was preceded by a two hour artillery bombardment of Cemetery Hill and Ridge. For a time, the massed guns of both armies were engaged in a thunderous duel for supremacy. The Union defensive position held. In a final attempt to gain the initiative and win the battle, Lee sent approximately 12,000 soldiers across the one mile of open fields that separated the two armies near the Union center. General George Meade, commander of the Union forces, anticipated such a move and had readied his army. The Union lines did not break. Only every other Southerner who participated in this action retired to safety. Despite great courage, the attack (sometimes called Pickett's Charge or Longstreet's assault) was repulsed with heavy losses. Crippled by extremely heavy casualties in the three days at Gettysburg, the Confederates could no longer continue the battle, and on July 4 they began to withdraw from Gettysburg.
 * Determining the Facts **
 * Reading 1: Three Days of Carnage at Gettysburg **

**1.** Which army had the advantage after the first day of fighting? What were some reasons for their success? Could they have been even more successful? - The Union army. Reasons for their success were that they took defense on top of a hill and forced the southern troops to attack up steep slopes, forcing them to run uphill directly into enemy fire. Also, the battle was taken place on Northern territory. They would've been more successful if the Confederates didn't retreat. **2.** What was the situation by the evening of July 2? - The Union soldiers lined up in a "J" shape and Confederates attacked them starting from both ends. However, there was still no winner. **3.** What evidence from the previous day's fighting brought General Lee to decide on the strategy for Pickett's Charge on July 3? What was the result of that assault? - On the previous day, General Lee believed that the Union had under-manned its center. Union artillery officers held back some of their fire to conceal their guns and how well supplied they were. As a result, the Confederates thought they had seriously weakened the Union position and perhaps caused it to begin pulling back and so they thought the Pickett's Charge would work. After Confederate attacks on both Union flanks had failed on July 1 and July 2, General Robert E Lee was determined to strike the Union center and take hold of Cemetery Ridge. The assault lead to many deaths of Confederate soldiers. **4.** Why did General Lee decide to withdraw from Gettysburg? - He withdrew because many of his men died in battle and he realized their disadvantages as well as the low amount of ammunition.

**Part A: A Soldier's View of Gettysburg** Elisha Hunt Rhodes enlisted in 1861 as a private, and by the end of the war he had risen to the command of his regiment, the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, U.S.A. His unit, a group within the VI Corps under General John Sedgwick in Eustis' brigade, marched 34 miles to arrive on the Gettysburg battlefield during the second day's action. The unit was present on July 2 and 3 but not seriously engaged. Rhodes survived the war, and the journal he kept during that period was compiled in 1885. He wrote: //Near Manchester, Md., July 1st 1863--It has rained for a week and the roads are muddy. After marching for twenty miles it is not pleasant to lie down at night in the wet without any cover. I am tired--in fact I never was so tired in my life. But Hurrah! 'It is all for the Union.'// //We are quite near the Pennsylvania line, and it looks now as if we were to cross over. I am still in good health and spirits and have faith that God will guide us on the final victory. The Rebellion must be put down, and we are doing our best.// //Middletown, Md., July 2nd 1863--On the night of July 1st we were camped near Manchester, Md. Rumors of fighting in Pennsylvania have been heard all the days, but the distance was so great to the battle [Gettysburg] that we knew little about it. The men were tired and hungry and lay down to rest early in the evening. At nine o'clock orders came for us to move and we in great haste packed up and started on the road towards Pennsylvania....We struggle on through the night, the men almost dead for lack of sleep and falling over in their own shadows. But we go on in the warm summer night....On the morning of July 2nd we heard firing in front and then we understood the reason for such great haste....The firing in our front grew loud and more distinct and soon we met the poor wounded fellows being carried to the rear....At about 2 o'clock P.M. we reached the Battlefield of Gettysburg, Penn. having made a march of thirty-four (34) miles without a halt. The men threw themselves upon the ground exhausted, but were soon ordered forward. We followed the road blocked with troops and trains until 4 P.M. when the field of battle with the long lines of struggling weary soldiers burst upon us. With loud cheers the old Sixth Corps took up the double quick and were soon in line of battle near the left of the main line held by the 5th Corps....when we were relieved and returned a short distance. The men threw themselves upon the ground, and oblivious to the dead and dying around us we slept the sleep of the weary.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//July 3rd 1863--This morning the troops were under arms before light and ready for the great battle that we knew must be fought. The firing began, and our Brigade was hurried to the right of the line to reinforce it. While not in the front line yet we were constantly exposed to the fire of the Rebel Artillery, while bullets fell around us. We moved from point to point, wherever danger to be imminent until noon when we were ordered to report to the line held by Gen. Birney. Our Brigade marched down the road until we reached the house used by general Meade as Headquarters.... To our left was a hill on which we had many Batteries posted. Just as we reached Gen. Meade's Headquarters, a shell burst over our heads, and it was immediately followed by a shower of iron. More than two hundred guns were belching forth their thunder, and most of the shells that came over the hill struck in the road on which our Brigade was moving. Solid shot would strike the large rocks and split them as if exploded by gun powder. The flying iron and pieces of stone struck men down in every direction. It is said that this fire continued for about two hours, but I have no idea of the time. We could not see the enemy, and we could only cover ourselves the best we could behind rocks and trees. About 30 men of our Brigade were killed or wounded by this fire. Soon the Rebel yell was heard, and we found since that the Rebel General Pickett made a charge with his Division and was repulsed after reaching some of our batteries. Our lines of infantry in front of us rose up and poured in a terrible fire. As we were only a few yards in rear of our lines we saw all the fight. The firing gradually died away, and but for an occasional shot all was still. But what a scene it was. Oh the dead and the dying on this bloody field. The 2nd R.I. lost only one man killed and five wounded....Again night came upon us and again we slept amid the dead and the dying.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//July 4th 1863--Was ever the Nation's Birthday celebrated in such a way before? This morning the 2nd R.I. was sent out to the front and found that during the night General Lee and his Rebel Army had fallen back. It was impossible to march across the field without stepping upon dead or wounded men, while horses and broken Artillery lay on every side. We advanced to a sunken road [Emmitsburg Road] where we deployed as skirmishers and lay down behind a bank of earth. Berdan's Sharpshooters joined us, and we passed the day in firing upon any Rebels that showed themselves.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//July 5th 1863--Glorious news! We have won the victory, thank God, and the Rebel Army is fleeing to Virginia. We have the news that Vicksburg has fallen. We have thousands of prisoners, and they seem to be stupefied by the news. This morning our Corps (the 6th) started in pursuit of Lee's Army. We have had rain and the roads are bad, so we move slow. Every house we see is a hospital, and the road is covered with arms and equipment thrown away by the Rebels.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//July 9th 1863--Again I thank God that the Army of the Potomac has at last gained a victory. I wonder what the South thinks of us Yankees now. I think Gettysburg will cure the Rebels of any desire to invade the north again.//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva;">Reading 2: Perspectives of Participants in the Battle **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Excerpted from Robert Hunt Rhodes, ed.,// All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes //(New York: Orion Books, 1991), 114-117. Copyright 1991 Robert Hunt Rhodes.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Part B: The Call to Duty** In 1861 Georgian Edward Porter Alexander was an officer in the U.S. Army stationed in Washington Territory. He commanded the 1st Corps, C.S.A. Reserve Artillery at Gettysburg, and later in his career took command of the entire First Corps' artillery. He was responsible for mounting the large bombardment preceding Longstreet's assault on July 3. Alexander rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the Confederate army and survived the war. He later wrote: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Of course as soon as the news of the secession of Georgia reached us at Fort Steilacoom, some three or four weeks after the event, I knew that I would finally have to resign from the U.S. Army. But I did not believe war inevitable & I felt sure I could get a place not inferior in a Southern army, & I really never realized the gravity of the situation. As soon as the right to secede was denied by the North I strongly approved of its assertion & maintenance by force if necessary. And being young & ambitious in my profession I was anxious to take my part in everything going on. As it soon became clear that our detachment would be ordered to return to the East...I waited for the orders to come & to get back to the East before resigning. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I did not feel any doubt about what I had to do under the circumstances. Georgia had seceded. All the seceded states had united & organized a Confederacy, & the Confederacy was raising an army. The only place for me was in that army. So in the course of a day or two I had a talk with [his Commanding Officer] McPherson, telling him that I felt bound to resign & go home, & asking that he would receive & forward my resignation & give me leave of absence that I might sail on same steamer taking it & not be required to wait in California to receive its acceptance, which would detain me about two months. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">McPherson's reply was remarkable....He said: ' Aleck if you must go I will do all I can to facilitate your going. But don't go. These orders, sent by Pony Express to stop you here, are meant to say to you that if you wish to keep out of the war which is coming you can do so. You will not be required to go into the field against your own people, but will be kept out on this coast on fortification duty. Gen. Totten likes you & wants to keep you in the corps & that is what this order means'....His earnest talk impressed me deeply & made me realize that a crisis in my life was at hand....I could only answer this: ' Mac, My people are going to war, & war for their liberty. If I don't come & bear my part they will believe me a coward--and I will feel that I am occupying the position of one. I must go and stand my chances.' ...I told McPherson we were going to fight for our ' liberty.' That was the view the whole South took of it. It was not for slavery but the sovereignty of the states, which is practically the right to resume self government or to secede. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Reprinted from// Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. //Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Copyright 1989 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Part C: Changes in Loyalty** Andrew Baker was a soldier in the 22nd North Carolina Infantry, C.S.A., Pettigrew's brigade. He participated in the brutal fighting that opened the battle on July 1 and in the culmination on July 3. He wrote about his experience on the final day of fighting for the magazine of a Confederate veterans' organization. The Capt. W. T. Magruder to whom he referred was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and fought for the Union as a captain in the 1st U.S. Cavalry until October 1, 1862. Magruder then joined the Confederate army, became a captain in the 26th North Carolina Infantry, and died at Gettysburg at the hands of his former comrades. Baker wrote about that action:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//When we reached to within one hundred yards of the plank fence, which stood on the opposite side of the road passing the cemetery to that of the stone fence, the officers of the Eleventh Mississippi had been largely killed or wounded, and the officer who seemed to be in command was Capt. John V. Moore, of the University Grays. He was then in front of Company D, endeavoring to hold the regiment back in line with the troops on our right. I hallooed to him, saying: ' John, for heaven's sake give the command to charge.' He replied that he could not take the responsibility. I then, without authority, gave the command myself, which was promptly repeated and responded to, at which time a run was made for the fence and over it. Just after getting over the fence, and when about half way across the road, I was shot down. The balance of the command which had not been killed or wounded rushed on and jumped the stone fence, charging rapidly to the top of Cemetery Ridge, in line with the Twenty-sixth North Carolina on the right.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Just after I had fallen I looked to my right, where a little house stood, just against which the end of the stone fence rested on either side. Behind this house some ten or twelve of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina boys for a moment halted, with Capt. W. T. Magruder, who had been formerly a colonel of cavalry in the U.S. army, and who had resigned after the emancipation proclamation and had joined our army, said to them: ' Men, remember your mothers, wives, and sisters at home, and do not halt here.' All responded in a moment, and rushed on to rejoin the regiment, then going to the top of Cemetery Heights. Capt. Magruder himself leaped the stone fence on the western side of the house, and was shot down at once, either as he went over the fence or just after getting over it.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Excerpted from Andrew J. Baker, "Tribute to Capt. Magruder and Wife,"// Confederate Veteran Magazine //(November 1898): 507.// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Part A: A Soldier's View of Gettysburg//** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1.** What part did Elisha Hunt Rhodes play at Gettysburg? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He was a private. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**2.** How was he able to justify the suffering endured by the Union troops? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He was in the battle witnessing everything that was happening. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Part B: The Call to Duty**// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1.** How did he respond to the Union victor? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He wanted to resign from the Confederate army. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**2.** How did Edward Porter Alexander feel about Georgia's secession? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He didn't really like it (not interested in slavery) but thought it was for the sovereignty and liberty of the state. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**3.** What option did the U.S. Army provide Alexander to avoid becoming involved in the conflict? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- To get out of the area where war is taken place. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**4.** How did he justify his choice? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He'll stand his chances and go to war anyways. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Part C: Changes in Loyalty**// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1.** Consider Andrew Baker's vivid descriptions of the valiant behavior exhibited in the chaos of battle. Describe the actions of Captain W. T. Magruder. Speculate on his motivations for fighting in both armies before his death at Gettysburg. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He jumped over the stone fence on the western side of the house and was shot down whether it was during the time he was going over the fence or after getting over it. His motivation was mainly to protect his family and to survive so he could see them after the battle. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**2.** Why did Captain John Moore not give the order to charge? How might you have felt in his place? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Because he already let some of his soldiers get hurt and he probably didn't want to take charge since he felt like he didn't want to hurt his other men by giving a command. I would've felt the same way but yet if I'm a captain, it means I would have to do anything to win but also think about the sake of my men. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**All Parts**// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1.** How does reading these personal accounts compare with reading summaries of Civil War battles in textbooks? Do they make you more aware of the personal suffering of the participants? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They're more touching and the feeling really reaches out to the reader. Rather than just saying "millions of people died" these readings actually described how horrible the situation was. Through this they make me more aware of the suffering that soldiers has to bare. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**2.** What are some disadvantages of relying on personal accounts of historical events? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- It's from one point of view and you're not sure if the information is all correct because the writer might not remember everything.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With more than two years of war gone by, and with no certain end in sight, President Abraham Lincoln needed to reassure, buoy, and rededicate the spirit of the nation to continue the struggle until its ultimate end. He accomplished this when he was asked to deliver "a few appropriate remarks" at the dedication of a cemetery for the Gettysburg Union dead: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate­ we cannot consecrate­ we can not hallow­ this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us ­that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ­­that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain­­ that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ­­and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Geneva;">Reading 3: The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1.** How long after the battle did Lincoln give his address? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Two years later <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**2.** What did he say about the men who were buried in the cemetery? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They did many great things through their devotion as well as being brave and they left some unfinished work for the country to complete. They didn't die in vain. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**3.** How did he give meaning to their sacrifice? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- By saying that they didn't die in pain because God granted them freedom and so which they will never be erased from this world. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**4.** What was it that Lincoln wanted the people of the United States to do for the dead soldiers? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- To serve in their place

__**Do Now - 6/9/11**__ Explain how the Emancipation Proclamation was a stragetic move on the part of Abraham Lincoln and not really a moral move because he felt compassion for the slaves. By giving the emancipation proclamation, he tricked Confederates into freaking out. He knows that he can't do anything to the slaves since they're not part of the Union. The Confederates said 'you can't keep our slaves' and so they turned the war into a war over slavery (before it was over states' right). They're fighting to defend slavery rather than rights. The US was the last country to have slavery so when the south said they wanted to defend slavery, nobody would fight on their side because everyone had already given slavery up. Britain would only join forces if all the slaves were free so they had to let the slaves go.

//Slave states// - maryland, delaware, missouri, kentucky (border states) -> slave states that were in the Union -> nothing happened to the slaves, stayed slaves - Lincoln couldn't do anything about the slaves in south because no matter what, they wouldn't free their slaves.

//**FLAWS**// 1. The South could've seen through his trick (smart enough) - Confederates could've actually gave up slavery, Britain could still stay on the South's side because they needed slaves and they would've gave them money 2. Could've affected the Border States, there's a war about slavery but yet there's slavery in the north - border states all held elections to whether secede or not because of the E.P. - Maryland = important, Washington D.C., if they secede, the capital of the country wouldn't be in the country anymore - Lincoln declare martial law on them -> will shoot the border states in the head (threatening) if they secede but he violated the Constitution (he knows though) - if they seceded we lose the capital and so we lose the Union - rather have them suck it up (the threats) and accept it instead of losing the Union which leads to no Constitution

__**Importance of E.P.**__ - It scared the Confederates and made them say that they won't free the slaves which turned the war over states' rights into a war over slavery. This made Britain not support them because they needed the Confederacy to free their slaves. However, there were flaws in this plan. The South could've actually freed the slaves causing Britain to support them and give them money as they start over and also the Border states could've seceded. Maryland, one of the border states, contained Washing DC. If that state seceded, the Union would lose their capital and that means they would lose the Union ending the war.